Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting women during their reproductive years. It is characterised by elevated androgen (male hormone) levels, irregular or absent menstrual periods, and often — though not always — the presence of small cysts on the ovaries seen on ultrasound.

PCOS is one of the most common causes of female infertility and affects approximately 10–15% of women of reproductive age. It is also strongly linked to metabolic problems including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk.

The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but it involves a combination of genetic predisposition and insulin resistance. Elevated insulin levels stimulate the ovaries to produce excess androgens, disrupting the normal ovulation cycle.

Common symptoms include: irregular, infrequent, or absent periods; excess facial or body hair (hirsutism); acne, particularly on the chin and jaw; male-pattern hair thinning or loss; weight gain especially around the abdomen; difficulty conceiving; and mood changes including depression and anxiety.

Diagnosis requires at least two of three criteria (Rotterdam criteria): irregular ovulation, elevated androgens (clinical or blood tests), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. No single test diagnoses PCOS — it is a clinical diagnosis after excluding other conditions.

Treatment is tailored to the patient's goals. For women not seeking pregnancy, oral contraceptive pills regulate periods and reduce androgens. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity. For women wanting to conceive, ovulation induction with clomiphene or letrozole is often effective. Lifestyle modifications — weight loss of just 5–10% in overweight women — can restore ovulation and significantly improve symptoms.

Women with PCOS in Korea can access specialist care through gynaecologists at community health centres, major hospitals, and private clinics in Seoul.