Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Children

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by differences in social communication, interaction, and the presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour or interests. The term 'spectrum' reflects the wide range of presentations — from very mildly affected individuals who are largely independent, to those with more significant support needs.

ASD is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 100 children globally. Boys are diagnosed approximately 4 times more often than girls, though increasing evidence suggests girls are significantly under-diagnosed due to masking behaviours. In Korea, awareness has grown substantially, with improved screening in schools and primary care.

Early signs of autism (typically noticeable by 18–24 months): limited or no eye contact, no social smile, does not respond to their name, limited babbling or words for age, loss of previously acquired language skills (regression — important red flag), unusual attachment to objects, repetitive movements (hand flapping, rocking), rigid insistence on routines, and hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory input.

Diagnosis requires multidisciplinary assessment — typically including a developmental paediatrician or psychiatrist, psychologist, and speech therapist. In Korea, diagnostic evaluation is available through community health centre referral, major hospitals' Child and Adolescent Psychiatry departments, and several private developmental paediatrics centres.

Early intervention is the most important factor in outcomes. Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), speech and language therapy, occupational therapy, and social skills training significantly improve communication and independence. In Korea, national developmental disability support centres and numerous private therapy centres in Seoul offer ABA and speech therapy, often with NHIS-linked subsidy support for eligible families.

Korea's educational provision for ASD has improved — mainstream schools with inclusion support, special education classes, and specialist schools are available.